Dynamics of human immunodeficiency virus transcription: P-TEFb phosphorylates RD and dissociates negative effectors from the transactivation response element. Control of RNA polymerase II elongation potential by a novel carboxyl-terminal domain kinase. A novel CDK9-associated C-type cyclin interacts directly with HIV-1 Tat and mediates its high-affinity, loop-specific binding to TAR RNA. Purification of P-TEFb, a transcription factor required for the transition into productive elongation.

Structure of paused transcription complex Pol II–DSIF–NELF.

Structure of the complete elongation complex of RNA polymerase II with basal factors. Structure of a transcribing RNA polymerase II–DSIF complex reveals a multidentate DNA–RNA clamp. NELF, a multisubunit complex containing RD, cooperates with DSIF to repress RNA polymerase II elongation. DSIF, a novel transcription elongation factor that regulates RNA polymerase II processivity, is composed of human Spt4 and Spt5 homologs.

Promoter-proximal pausing of RNA polymerase II: emerging roles in metazoans.

Paf reading template